[43] The operation has been ritually done by the traditional barbers called wanzam.

The Zarma people are an ethnic group predominantly found in westernmost Niger.They are also found in significant numbers in the adjacent areas of Nigeria and Benin, along with smaller numbers in Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, and Cameroon.. Ze leven voornamelijk van de landbouw. controls.focus();

[13], The Zarma people migrated south-eastward from Niger Bend region of Mali where Songhay people are found in high concentration, into their current geographic concentration around the Niger river valley during the Songhai Empire period, settling in many towns, and particularly what is now Southwest Niger near the capital Niamey.

[15] According to Ralph Austen, a professor emeritus of African history, the caste system among the Zarma people was not as well developed as the caste system historically found in the African ethnic groups further west to them.

This page was last edited on 30 December 2019, at 22:18 (UTC). [9], Ethnic group of westernmost Niger, Nigeria, Benin and nearby countries, Young girls wearing traditional Zarma dress. [40] Within the stratified social system, the Islamic system of polygynous marriages is a part of the Zarma people tradition, with preferred partners being cross cousins,[1] and a system of ritualistic acceptance between co-wives. [12] Various theories have been proposed as to how, when and why Zarma people converted to Islam. [2], The estimates for the total population of Zarma people as of 2013 has been generally placed over 3 million,[10] but it varies. The French picked the Zarmakoy Aouta of Dosso as their partner, and established a military post in what was then the village of Dosso in November 1898. The slaves were an economic asset, and they were used for farming, herding and for domestic work. [45], The Zarma villages traditionally consist of walled off compounds where a family group called windi lives. [27][28] This migrant labor followed the pre-colonial tradition of Zarma warriors heading to Gold coast for booty, but colonial mines provided economic adventurism, however in many cases the migration was a means to "escape French economic exploitation".

The property inheritance and occupational descent is patrilineal. [7][33][34] According to the medieval and colonial era descriptions, their vocation is hereditary, and each stratified group has been endogamous.

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[12], The Niger delta region already had major settlements of people before Islam arrived.

[17][18], The slavery system was a large part of the society and political arrangement. window.ndmtag = window.ndmtag || {};window.ndmtag.cmd = window.ndmtag.cmd || [];

Some own horses, a legacy of those Zerma people who historically belonged to the warrior class and were skilled cavalrymen in Islamic armies. In 18th-century, they came under sustained violence from the Fulani people and Tuareg people who attempted to impose their version of Jihads in West Africa. However, the prevalence rates have been lower and falling.

According to Arabic records, the Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence became the predominant system of rule in Niger river region and West Africa by the 11th-century, after the Almoravid conquest of North Africa, Niger river, Ghanaian Koumbi Saleh and Senegal river regions. The Zarma people are an ethnic group predominantly found in westernmost Niger. Tal Tamari (1998), Les castes de l'Afrique occidentale: Artisans et musiciens endogames, Nanterre: Société d'ethnologie, The Spread of Islam in West Africa: Containment, Mixing, and Reform from the Eighth to the Twentieth Century, Cultures nigériennes et éducation : Domaine Zarma-Songhay et Hausa, "Linguistic evidence for the history of west African castes", Priorities in Child survival, education and protection, UNICEF, Legislation and other national provisions: Namibia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Links to recordings of Djerma music on the Web, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zarma_people&oldid=978997385, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 18 September 2020, at 04:35. ndmtag.defineAdSlot('Encyclo.nl-Sub-Native-Article',{type:'appnexus',id:10894793,size:[250,250]}); They constitute several smaller ethnic sub-groups, who were either indigenous to the era prior to the Songhai Empire and have assimilated into the Zarma people, or else are people of Zarma origins who have differentiated themselves some time in the precolonial period (through dialect, political structure, or religion), but these are difficult to differentiate according to Fuglestad. Thousands of Zarma people travelled to various French mines, as well as to build roads and railroads to connect major sites of importance to the French rule. {

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if (!e) e=window.event; In Niger and Mali, where the largest population of Zarma people has historically lived and have their origins, there is textual evidence of a series of annual campaigns during the rules of Sunni 'Ali and Askiya Muhammad (Turé) to capture people as slaves, both for domestic use as well to export them to North Africa mainly Morocco, Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli.

Some of this music also accompanies with folley, or spirit possession-related rituals. [24], The French colonial rulers came to regions inhabited by the Zarma people at the end of the 1890s, when the chiefs and warlords within the Zarma society were in an intra-ethnic conflict.

[19][20][21] However, Bruce Hall cautions that while it is "certainly true that the majority of population" had a servile status, these colonial era estimates for "slaves" in Niger river area ethnic groups are exaggerations because there is difference between servile status and slavery status. Early Arab documents from the eighth century suggest that Muslims went into West Africa for trade, exchanging salt, horses, dates, and camels they had from the North and Arabian lands with gold, timber, and food from Niger river valley and nearby regions controlled by Songhay-Zarma people.  window.ndmCmpConfig = {forceLocale:'nl',customColor:'#f86924',privacyPolicy:"https://www.encyclo.nl/privacy.php"}; [1] They have traditionally owned herds of animals, which they rent out to others till they are ready to be sold for meat. This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Zarma. 23 août 2019 par Team Mouv' }.

[1], The Zarma people, like their neighboring ethnic groups in West Africa, have a rich tradition of music, group dance and singing. else if ( e.which == 67 && ctrl ) return; In Niger leven de Zarma in het westen van het land rondom de hoofdstad Niamey. [10], The Zarma people are an African ethnic group with unrecorded history and no ancient texts. According to UNICEF and the World Health Organization studies, in Zarma culture the female circumcision is called Haabize. ndmtag.defineAdSlot('Encyclo.nl-Mob-300x250-T',{type:'appnexus',id:7492251,size:[300,250],promoSizes:[[320,240],[320,100]],promoAlignment:'center'});

Encyclo.nl, online sinds 2007, is een zoekmachine voor Nederlandstalige begrippen en definities. Like other ethnic groups of the region, much of their known history comes from Islamic records after the 8th century, particularly from the medieval accounts of Arabs and North African historians, states Margari Aziza Hill – a professor of humanities. if (e.which > 90 || e.which < 48) return; The French increased their presence during this period. [1] Relatively prosperous, they own cattle, sheep, goats and dromedaries, renting them out to the Fulani people or Tuareg people for tending. [25], The French colonial rule established mines for resources in West Africa such as along the Gold Coast, and these mines were staffed with African labor that relied in large part with migrant Zarma people. true : false); [12] The Islamic conquest was motivated and facilitated by the pre-existing trade between West Africa and the Mediterranean before Islam arrived, and in turn the arrival of Islam influenced the history of all people including the Zarma. Each caste reveres its own guardian spirit. [43] It consists of two rituals. [29], The language, society and culture of the Zarma people is barely distinguishable from the Songhai people.
}); The slavery system has been well developed and complex, according to Rossi, where a system of social stratification developed within the slaves and a master-slave status system survived even after slavery was officially abolished during the French colonial rule. jQuery(function(){jQuery('.sf-menu').mobileMenu({defaultText: "Navigeer naar..."});}); [46], The Zarma people grow corn, millet, sorghum, rice, tobacco, cotton and peanuts during the rainy season (June to November).

[26], The French relied on the Dosso military post and Niger river valleys for replenishing their supplies, as they attempted to establish a much larger colonial zone in Sahel all the way to Chad. ndmtag.defineAdSlot('Encyclo.nl-Mob-300x250-L',{type:'appnexus',id:7492253,size:[300,250],promoSizes:[[320,240],[320,100]],promoAlignment:'center'}); One is ritual cutting away the hymen of new born girls, second is clitoridectomy between the ages of 9 and 15 where either her prepuce is cut out or a part to all of clitoris and labia minora is cut then removed. [15] The violence against the Zarma people settlements included raids for grain stocks, burning down standing crop, forced collection or seizure of surplus or wealth from homes, capture, enslavement and forced migration of the people.