The diversity of Turkey's fauna is even greater than that of its flora.

in purchasing power parity,[285][286] Turkey is the world's 19th largest economy and 13th largest by PPP. [130] Turkey is also subdivided into 7 regions (bölge) and 21 subregions for geographic, demographic and economic purposes; this does not refer to an administrative division. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. Other ethnic groups include Albanians, Arabs, Assyrians, Bosniaks, Circassians, Georgians, Laz, Pomaks, and Roma. [350] TÜBA is an autonomous scholarly society acting to promote scientific activities in Turkey. The percentage of Christians in Turkey fell from 17.5% (three million followers) in a population of 16 million to 2.5% percent in the early 20th century. The studios the artists worked in were called nakkaşhane. [465] Air pollution in Turkey is a health risk due to burning fossil fuels,[466] and vehicle emissions. [133][134][135] Steps towards decentralisation[when?] In 1243, the Seljuk armies were defeated by the Mongols at the Battle of Köse Dağ, causing the Seljuk Empire's power to slowly disintegrate. Music of Turkey includes mainly Turkic elements as well as partial influences ranging from Central Asian folk music, Arabic music, Greek music, Ottoman music, Persian music and Balkan music, as well as references to more modern European and American popular music. [532] As of December 2016, at least 81 journalists were imprisoned in Turkey and more than 100 news outlets were closed. Turkey has signed but not ratified global agreements on reducing greenhouse gas emissions: the country has not yet ratified the Kigali Accord to regulate hydrofluorocarbons, and is one of the few countries that have not ratified the Paris agreement on climate change. İsmet İnönü became Turkey's second President following Atatürk's death on 10 November 1938. Local administrations were established to provide services in place and the government is represented by the province governors (vali) and town governors (kaymakam).

[349], TÜBİTAK is the leading agency for developing science, technology and innovation policies in Turkey. Interaction between the Ottoman Empire and the Islamic world along with Europe contributed to a blend of Turkic, Islamic and European traditions in modern-day Turkish music and literary arts. [522] Renowned Turkish freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers who won international competitions include Yaşar Doğu, Celal Atik, Mahmut Atalay, Hamza Yerlikaya, Rıza Kayaalp and Taha Akgül. [302] Turkey's annual current account deficit was $47.3 billion at the end of December 2017, compared to the previous year's figure of $33.1 billion. [163], Law enforcement in Turkey is carried out by several departments (such as the General Directorate of Security and Gendarmerie General Command) and agencies, all acting under the command of the President of Turkey or mostly the Minister of Internal Affairs. [489] The Ottoman era waterfront houses (yalı) on the Bosphorus also reflect the fusion between classical Ottoman and European architectural styles during the aforementioned period. [289], The automotive industry in Turkey is sizeable, and produced over 1.3 million motor vehicles in 2015, ranking as the 14th largest producer in the world. Another famous 18th-century master by the name of Hatip Mehmed Efendi (died 1773) is accredited with developing motifs and perhaps early floral designs, although evidence from India appears to contradict some of these reports. [487] Mimar Sinan (c.1489–1588) was the most important architect of the classical period in Ottoman architecture. [227], The human rights record of Turkey has been the subject of much controversy and international condemnation.

The empire was often at odds with the Holy Roman Empire in its steady advance towards Central Europe through the Balkans and the southern part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. [170][176], The EU – Turkey Customs Union in 1995 led to an extensive liberalisation of tariff rates, and forms one of the most important pillars of Turkey's foreign trade policy. However, scientific attempts were unsuccessful, as yet, to attribute a particular design to a specific ethnic, regional, or even nomadic versus village tradition. Various ancient Anatolian populations have lived in Anatolia, from at least the Neolithic until the Hellenistic period. Chez l'Auteur, rue des Macons-Sorbonne, no. We will never accept the accusations of genocide". [146] Since its foundation as a republic in 1923, Turkey has developed a strong tradition of secularism. Middle English usage of Turkye is evidenced in an early work by Chaucer called The Book of the Duchess (c. 1369). The later "Group D" of artists led by Abidin Dino, Cemal Tollu, Fikret Mualla, Fahrünnisa Zeid, Bedri Rahmi Eyüboğlu, Adnan Çoker and Burhan Doğançay introduced some trends that had lasted in the West for more than three decades.