[citation needed]. ), so … SCR-584's could be used to plot the trajectories of the missiles and provide some warning, but were more useful in backtracking their ballistic trajectory and determining the rough launch locations. In allen Fällen werden die anfliegenden ballistischen Raketen im Weltall zerstört. From left to right: 64N6E2 detection radar, 54K6E2 command post and 5P85 TEL. Als Raketenabwehr wird Militärtechnik bezeichnet, die dem Erkennen und der Abwehr feindlicher Raketen dient. [34], The Arrow 3 system is presently being developed, and, if successful, will be capable of exo-atmosphere interception of ballistic missiles, including of ICBMs.[35]. Each line represents the path of a warhead which, were it live, would detonate with the explosive power of twenty-five Hiroshima-style weapons. "The early development of Russia's ballistic missile defense system". The system was announced to be aimed against ICBMs from Iran and North Korea. Approved for acquisition by the Pentagon during 1991 but never realized, Brilliant Pebbles was a proposed space-based anti-ballistic system that was meant to avoid some of the problems of the earlier SDI concepts. Unter dem ABM-Vertrag und seiner Überarbeitung im Jahre 1974 war es jedem Land erlaubt, ein ABM-System mit 100 Abfangraketen zu besitzen, um ein einzelnes Ziel zu beschützen. Wesentlich zur Abwehr ballistischer Raketen sind leistungsfähige Radargeräte und ggf. Lasers originally developed for the SDI plan are currently in use for astronomical observations. Besides them, many smaller systems exist (tactical ABMs), that generally cannot intercept intercontinental strategic missiles, even if within range—an incoming ICBM simply moves too fast for these systems. However, since no longer range Iraqi Scud missiles were used, PAC-3 effectiveness against those was untested. Other European ministers commented that any change of strategic weapons should be negotiated on NATO level and not 'unilaterally' between the U.S. and other states (although most strategic arms reduction treaties were between the Soviet Union and U.S., not NATO). It was declared operational and initially deployed on 27 March 2011 near Beersheba. According to Missile Defense Agency (MDA) estimates, Congress has appropriated over $200 billion for the agency’s programs between fiscal years 1985 and 2019.That total does not include spending by the military services on programs such as the Patriot system or the many additional tens of billions of dollars spent since work on anti-missile systems first began in the 1950s. Nike Zeus failed to be a credible defence in an era of rapidly increasing ICBM counts due to its ability to attack only one target at a time. Although reports suggest a promising system, the ROC government continues to be interested strongly in the American Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) program. It carries decoys. David's Sling (Hebrew: קלע דוד), also sometimes called Magic Wand (Hebrew: שרביט קסמים), is an Israel Defense Forces military system being jointly developed by the Israeli defense contractor Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and the American defense contractor Raytheon, designed to intercept medium- to long-range rockets and slower-flying cruise missiles, such as those possessed by Hezbollah, fired at ranges from 40 km to 300 km. Tests were conducted on a regular basis and resulted in early failures, but successful intercepts occurred during 1999. Es besitzt einen konventionellen Gefechtskopf. Development in Republic of China (Taiwan), American Nike-X of 1960s and plans of Sentinel, The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty of 1972, Transformation of SDI into MDA, development of NMD/GMD, U.S withdrawal from Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty in 2002. However, the term is used more commonly for systems designed to counter intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). The U.S. The next day, the Russian Federation promptly dropped the START II agreement, intended to completely ban MIRVs. Patriot was involved in three friendly fire incidents: two incidents of Patriot shootings at coalition aircraft and one of U.S. aircraft shooting at a Patriot battery.[41]. The Republic of China, commonly known as Taiwan, is also engaged in the development of an anti-ballistic missile system, based on its indigenously developed Tien Kung-II (Sky Bow) SAM system. It is designed to intercept very short-range threats up to 70 kilometers in all-weather situations. The UK’s Nuclear U-Turn (April 1, 2021) China Flight-Tests Missile Interceptors (April 1, 2021) Treaties and Agreements. L'intégrité et la validité du Traité sur les missiles antibalistiques doivent être préservées. The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty or ABMT) (1972—2002) was an arms control treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union on the limitation of the anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems used in defending areas against ballistic missile-delivered nuclear weapons. Anfliegende Raketen werden meistens mit Radarsystemen erkannt; zur Abwehr dienen Abfangraketen, Täuschkörper oder Laser. The American armed forces began experimenting with anti-missile missiles soon after World War II, as the extent of German research into rocketry became clear. Dieses soll den Radpanzer Stryker vor anfliegenden Lenkwaffen und Projektilen aller Art durch die Zerstörung dieser vor deren Einschlag schützen. [32], An Arrow anti-ballistic missile interceptor, The Arrow project was begun after the U.S. and Israel agreed to co-fund it on 6 May 1986.[33]. anti-ballistic missile n. A defensive missile designed to meet and destroy a ballistic missile, i.e., a missile carrying some nuclear, chemical, biological, or other agent intended to inflict harm on its victims. Das System verwendete den Raketentyp SH-01 Galosh mit Nukleargefechtskopf und wurde an vier Stellen rund um Moskau gebaut. [9] The FJ-1 had completed two successful flight tests during 1979, while the low-altitude interceptor FJ-2 completed some successful flight tests using scaled prototypes. Now it was clear that an ABM system would always be many times more expensive than the ICBMs they defended against. [citation needed]. Further development continued, and the A-35 anti-ballistic missile system, designed to protect Moscow, became operational in 1971. 2009 gab US-Präsident Barack Obama bekannt, in Polen und Tschechien keine Anlagen dafür stationieren zu wollen. Several post-SDI technologies are used by the present Missile Defense Agency (MDA). [17][18], China carried out a land-based anti-ballistic missile test on 11 January 2010. In this test, a dummy warhead was released by a R-12 ballistic missile launched from the Kapustin Yar,[38] and intercepted by a V-1000 launched from Sary-Shagan. Einsatzfähige Raketenabwehr stützt sich somit heute auf Abfangraketen und auf Systeme zur Blendung des Suchkopfes der anfliegenden Lenkwaffen (z. Nach Studien hat es in den letzten 25 Jahren etwa 35 Anschläge dieser Art auf Flugzeuge (7 auf große Passagiermaschinen) gegeben, wobei 24 Maschinen abgeschossen wurden und über 500 Menschen starben. Der Vertrag wurde am 13. Submarine basing of the ICBMs allow to survive the first strike. Safeguard protected only the main fields of US ICBMs from attack, theoretically ensuring that an attack could be responded to with a US launch, enforcing the mutually assured destruction principle. An anti-ballistic missile (ABM) is a missile designed to counter ballistic missiles. Jahrhunderts die Aufstellung eines reduzierten Abwehrsystems für Europa. Ursprünglich verwendete das System zwei Lenkwaffentypen: Die Exo-Atmosphärischen Abfanglenkwaffen 51T6 (NATO: Gorgon), sowie die Endo-Atmosphärischen Abfanglenkwaffen 53T6 (NATO: Gazelle). Während des Kalten Krieges existierten ABM-Systeme sowohl in der Sowjetunion als auch in den Vereinigten Staaten. Used to ionize gas in the upper atmosphere, they provide telescope operators with a target to calibrate their instruments. A key problem with any radar system is that the signal is in the form of a cone, which spreads with distance from the transmitter. During 1993, a symposium was held by western European nations to discuss potential future ballistic missile defence programs. Digital object identifier: Articles with dead external links from November 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, National missile defense#Recent developments, Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle, Anti-missile defence for Europe – guidelines drawn from the symposium, A US Missile Defence Shield in Europe? Main article: RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 Since 1998, when North Korea launched a Taepodong-1 missile over northern Japan, the Japanese have been jointly developing a new surface-to-air interceptor known as the Patriot Advanced Capability 3 (PAC-3) with the US. [36] This led to allied efforts to advance over their launching sites in Belgium and the Netherlands. After a series of drastic budget reductions during the late 1950s the research ended. Besides them, many smaller systems exist (tactical ABMs), that generally cannot intercept intercontinental strategic missiles, even if within range—an incoming ICBM simply moves too fast for these systems. Other countries were also involved in early ABM research. That implies that dozens of interceptors are needed for every ICBM. Later research indicated that some planned technologies such as X-ray lasers were not feasible with then-current technology. In the meantime a public debate over the merit of ABMs began. [31] This missile is an Endoatmospheric interceptor with an altitude of 30 km (19 mi). Natolin Analyses 7(20)/2007, "55% Polaków przeciw budowie tarczy (55% of Poles against building the Shield)", http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/wiadomosc.html?kat=1342&wid=9029388&ticaid=146b1, http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/ops/oif-patriot.htm, http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/abm1.htm, Russian Anti-Ballistic Guided Missile Systems, "Project 640: China's National Missile Defence in the '70s", http://www.sinodefence.com/special/airdefence/project640.asp, http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?bicode=060000&biid=2006032829898, "Chinese Version of Patriot Interceptor Said Undergoing Tests", http://www.missilethreat.com/archives/id.537/detail.asp, "Pentagon Received No Warning of Chinese Missile Defense Test", http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw_20100112_1311.php, "HongQi 9 (HQ-9) Surface-to-Air Missile System", http://www.sinodefence.com/army/surfacetoairmissile/hongqi9.asp, "HQ-18 (S-300V) (China) – Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems", http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Strategic-Weapon-Systems/HQ-18-S-300V-China.html, http://www.missilethreat.com/missiledefensesystems/id.29/system_detail.asp, http://www.sinodefence.com/special/airdefence/fortress-china4.asp, "China Adds Precision Strike To Capabilities", http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/CHINA040809.xml&headline=China%20adds%20precision%20strike%20to%20capabilities, "Demarche Following China's January 2010 Intercept Flight-Test", http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/wikileaks-files/china-wikileaks/8299323/DEMARCHE-FOLLOWING-CHINAS-JANUARY-2010-INTERCEPT-FLIGHT-TEST.html, http://web.archive.org/web/20100114072145/http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2010-01-12/0247580308.html, http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw_20100114_5918.php, http://english.ruvr.ru/2013_01_28/China-test-fires-defensive-missile/, http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-NOTAM-140110-1.html, "SAMP/T Successful on First European Missile Defense Intercept Test", http://defense-update.com/wp/20101126_samp_t.html, "Premier tir anti-balistique | Blog de la DE", "Une première en France : un missile intercepté par un antimissile Aster", http://www.marianne2.fr/blogsecretdefense/m/Une-premiere-en-France-un-missile-intercepte-par-un-antimissile-Aster_a442.html?com, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7188698.stm, Interview: Vijay Kumar Saraswat Chief Controller of Research and Development, India's DRDO, Prithvi Mission Milestone in Missile Defence, "INDIA successfully conducts interceptor supersonic missile test", http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=33815, "India on way to joining exclusive BMD club", http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India_on_way_to_joining_exclusive_BMD_club/rssarticleshow/2570683.cms, http://www.policyalmanac.org/world/archive/crs_israeli-us_relations.shtml, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6352659.stm, http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Israel-successfully-tests-Davids-Slings-interceptor, http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/program/soviet/990600-bmd-rus.htm, Patriot system performance – report summary, "DoD Succeeds In Intercepting Non-Functioning Satellite", http://web.archive.org/web/20080226105236/http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=11704, "Navy Succeeds In Intercepting Non-Functioning Satellite", http://web.archive.org/web/20080225234718/http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=35114, Article on Missile Threat Shift to the Black Sea region, Video of the Endo-Atmospheric Interceptor missile system test by India, Video of the Exo-Atmospheric interceptor missile system test by India, The unofficial website of the Stanley R. Mickelson Safeguard complex, Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), Submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM), Intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM), https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Anti-ballistic_missile?oldid=4623351. The US Army accelerated development of their LIM-49 Nike Zeus system in response. Da das System in den 1980er-Jahren installiert wurde, entspricht es vermutlich dem Stand der Technik dieser Jahre. Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD), formerly Theater High Altitude Area Defense, is an American anti-ballistic missile defense system designed to shoot down short-, medium-, and intermediate-range ballistic missiles in their terminal phase (descent or reentry) by intercepting with a hit-to-kill approach. Gobarev, Victor (2001). In the end, the council recommended deployment of early warning and surveillance systems as well as regionally controlled defence systems. [1] 2007 wurde das Northrop Grumman Guardian eingeführt. Um militärische Fahrzeuge zu schützen, werden abstandsaktive Schutzmaßnahmen verwendet. Missiles and Missile Defense. [2] As of July 2007, a majority of Poles were opposed to hosting a component of the system in Poland.[3]. The main radar site (PARCS) is still used as an early warning ICBM radar, facing relative north. Ursprünglich sollten verstreute Nike-Systeme die amerikanischen Städte als „last-ditch defense“ beschützen, die Spartan-Rakete hingegen erlaubte es, Ziele in hunderten von Kilometern Entfernung zu zerstören. On 7 April 2011, the system successfully intercepted a Grad rocket launched from Gaza for the first time. Furthermore it can be configured to can carry less nuclear warheads, but more decoys. The action was covered by the ostensible reason of needing to defend against the possibility of a missile attack conducted by a rogue state. Seegestützte Systeme dienen in erster Linie dem Selbstschutz eines Schiffes gegen Seezielflugkörper, landgestützte Systeme dienen meist zum Schutz wichtiger militärischer oder ziviler Anlagen (Objektschutz). There are only two systems in the world that can intercept ICBMs. Die AAD haben eine Reichweite von 25 km und werden durch ein Phased-Array-Radar ins Ziel gelenkt. The economics seemed simple enough; since rocket costs increase rapidly with size, the price of the ICBM launching a large warhead should always be greater than the much smaller interceptor missile needed to destroy it. Despite the development of missiles, the programme was slowed down due to financial and political reasons. Diese Pläne wurden in den USA daher wegen der angezweifelten Effizienz und der hohen Kosten aufgegeben. [9], In March 2006, China tested an interceptor system comparable to the U.S. Patriot missiles.[10][11][12]. Die Reichweite der Rakete (nicht die maximale Höhe) beträgt 80 km, die Reichweite des Ortungsradars 600 km. Zurzeit befindet sich das IAAPS (Integrated Army Active Protection System) in der Entwicklung. Das mobile MEADS-System dient dabei als „last-ditch“-System um durchbrechende Raketen zur Not in der Atmosphäre zu zerstören. Die NATO plant seit dem ersten Jahrzehnt des 21. Rather than use sophisticated large laser battle stations and nuclear-pumped X-ray laser satellites, Brilliant Pebbles consisted of a thousand very small, intelligent orbiting satellites with kinetic warheads. The system had to be guided all the way to an interception, which demanded guidance and control systems that worked within and outside of the atmosphere. In 2002 it was renamed to Missile Defense Agency (MDA). Lenzer. The Gorgon (SH-11/ABM-4) long-range missile was designed to handle intercepts outside the atmosphere, and the Gazelle (SH-08/ABM-3) short-range missile endoatmospheric intercepts that eluded Gorgon. The Soviet military had requested funding for ABM research as early as 1953, but were only given the go-ahead to begin deployment of such a system on 17 August 1956. It has a longer range, but it is not known if it will be able to intercept ICBMs. But defences against Soviet long-range bombers took priority until 1957, when the Soviet Union demonstrated its advances in intercontinental ballistic missile technology with the launch of Sputnik, the Earth's first artificial satellite. During Operation Iraqi Freedom, Patriot PAC-3s had a nearly 100% success rate against Iraqi TBMs fired. Effective ABM systems have been sought since the Cold War, when the nuclear arms race raised the spectre of complete destruction by unstoppable ballistic missiles. A wartime study by Bell Labs into the task of shooting down ballistic missiles in flight concluded it was not possible. Experts hailed China's technological breakthrough because it is difficult to intercept ballistic missiles that have reached the highest point and speed in the middle of their course. Passive Systeme sind Selbstschutzsysteme, wie das kontinuierliche Ausstoßen von Täuschkörpern durch Flugzeuge bei Landeanflügen auf Flughäfen in Gebieten, wo Angriffe mit MANPADS befürchtet werden. It was planned to protect all 50 states from a rogue missile attack. Additionally, significant concerns about its ability to successfully intercept warheads in the presence of high-altitude nuclear explosions, including its own, lead to the conclusion that the system would simply be too costly for the very low amount of protection it could provide. Many short-range tactical ABM systems are currently operational, and three are most known: the U.S. Army Patriot, U.S. Navy Aegis combat system, and the Israeli Arrow missile. The Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty at a Glance . This was, however, just prior to the emergence of high-speed computing systems in the 1950s. In terms of organization, during 1993 SDI was reorganized as the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO). This caused harsh comments by Russia's then-President Vladimir Putin at the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) security conference during spring 2007 in Munich. Also France is developing another version, Aster 30 block II which can destroy ballistic missiles with a maximum range of 3000 km. The original U.S. Navy Polaris had not been designed to penetrate anti-ballistic missile (ABM) defenses, but the Royal Navy had to ensure that its small Polaris force operating alone, and often with only one submarine on deterrent patrol, could penetrate the ABM screen around Moscow. Inzwischen sollen die atomaren Gefechtsköpfe der Raketen gegen konventionelle ausgetauscht worden sein. In den Vereinigten Staaten gab es Planungen, Systeme zur Blendung des Suchkopfes auch in aktuelle Verkehrsflugzeuge einzubauen, da in einigen Regionen der Welt mit Anschlägen durch tragbare Luftabwehrraketen (MANPADS, wie z. Oder starten Sie eine neue Suche, um noch mehr faszinierendes Stock-Material und B-Roll-Videoclips zu entdecken. It has relatively little ABM (Anti-Ballistic Missile) capability, however it can theoretically intercept a short range ballistic missile in its final stage, low in the atmosphere. A more advanced project was at CARDE in Canada, which researched the main problems of ABM systems. The Alaska interceptors may be augmented later by the naval Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System, by ground-based missiles in other locations, or by the Boeing Airborne Laser. Nachdem Langstreckenradare (Green Pine) die anfliegende ballistische Rakete geortet haben, wird eine 2-stufige Arrow-Rakete auf das Ziel abgefeuert. There are only two systems in the world that can intercept ICBMs. Assembly of the Western European Union. In a September 1967 speech, Defense Secretary Robert McNamara referred to it as "Sentinel". The Moscow ABM defense system is able to intercept ICBM warheads, and is based on: Apart from the main Moscow deployment, Russia has striven actively for intrinsic ABM capabilities of its SAM systems. A military spokesman[27] said that tests had been done on two sites, one of them a business park in central Tokyo, and Ichigaya – a site not far from the Imperial Palace. First called the National Missile Defense (NMD), since 2002 it was renamed Ground-Based Midcourse Defense (GMD). In 1958, a topic of research by the U.S. was the test explosions of several low yield nuclear weapons at very high altitudes over the southern Atlantic ocean, launched from ships. The Allies launched Operation Crossbow to find and destroy V-2s before launch, but these operations were largely ineffective. The Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System. However, due to their relatively short ranges, an ABM missile would be needed to counter an ICBM wherever it might be aimed. It was used during the 1991 Gulf War to attempt to intercept Iraqi Scud missiles. Antiballistic missile definition is - a missile for intercepting and destroying ballistic missiles. Die Rakete zerstört die angreifende Rakete in ca. [1] Das System wurde aber vorzeitig stillgelegt. Although primarily designed as an anti-ballistic missile, the SM-3 has also been employed in an anti-satellite capacity against a satellite at the lower end of low Earth orbit. The plans propose the installation of a latest generation ABM system with a radar site in the Czech Republic and the launch site in Poland. Executive Summary. Launch of an US Army Nike Zeus missile, the first ABM system to enter widespread testing. Als die Kosten explodierten, wurde das Programm verkleinert, von nun an stand der Schutz der Startsilos für Interkontinentalraketen im Mittelpunkt. The Israeli Arrow missile system was tested initially during 1990, before the first Gulf War. Auf der taktischen Ebene stehen die Systeme S-300P und S-400 im Einsatz. Im November 2006 testete Indien erfolgreich das PAD. A-35 was upgraded during the 1980s to a two-layer system, the A-135. Anti-Ballistic-Missile-Systeme (ABM-Systeme) dienen dem Schutz eines ganzen Gebietes (Raumschutz) vor ballistischen Raketen. Under the lend-lease program, 200 US 90 mm AA guns with SCR-584 radars and Western Electric/Bell Labs computers were sent to the UK. A quasi ballistic missile (also called a semi ballistic missile) including anti-ship ballistic missiles is a category of missile that has a low trajectory and/or is largely ballistic but can perform maneuvers in flight or make unexpected changes in direction and range. antiballistic missile, anti-ballistic missile n noun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. Latest ACA Resources. It will have a Kill Vehicle warhead. The Standard missile system was also enhanced and tested for ballistic missile interception. Zeus was subject to criticism throughout its development program, especially from those within the US Air Force and nuclear weapons establishments who suggested it would be much simpler to build more nuclear warheads and guarantee mutually assured destruction. The dummy warhead was destroyed by the impact of 16,000 tungsten-carbide spherical impactors 140 seconds after launch, at an altitude of 25 km (82,000 ft).[39]. Ab 1965 wurde im Raum Murmansk das mobile ABM-System S-225 ABM-System (DIA-Code ABM-3 – NATO-Codename SAM-3) in Dienst gestellt, um mit der Kurzstreckenrakete SH-08 „Gazelle“ über den Nordpol anfliegende US-amerikanische Interkontinentalraketen abzufangen. During December 2005 the system was deployed successfully in a test against a replicated Shahab-3 missile. This simply added to the need to have several interceptors for each warhead in order to provide geographical coverage. China-produced HQ-9 SAM system[13] may possess terminal ABM capabilities. In den 1980er Jahren machte die Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) Ronald Reagans Schlagzeilen, die die Entwicklung teilweise satellitengestützter Raketenabwehrsysteme zum Inhalt hatte. The THAAD is intended to intercept short- and medium range ballistic missiles . Development was discontinued later in favor of a limited ground-based defense. Als Antwort plant Russland ein eigenes System in der Oblast Kaliningrad, u. a. in Jesau (Juschny). CARDE considered using a terminal guidance system to address the accuracy concerns, and developed several advanced infrared detectors for this role. One offshoot of the project was Gerald Bull's system for inexpensive high-speed testing, consisting of missile airframes shot from a sabot round, which would later be the basis of Project HARP. Conditions changed dramatically in 1970 with the introduction of Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle (MIRV) warheads. Dieses Safeguard genannte System sollte sowjetische Atomangriffe auf die Startsilos abwehren, um den Vereinigten Staaten als Teil der mutual assured destruction-Strategie die Möglichkeit eines Gegenschlages zu garantieren. Sie wurden zuerst im Kalten Krieg von der Sowjetunion und den USA strategisch zur Abwehr gegen nukleare Interkontinentalraketen aufgebaut und durch den ABM-Vertrag begrenzt. [42] MIM-23 Hawk missile is not operational in the U.S. service since 2002, but is used by many other countries. Die im SDI-Programm begonnene Entwicklung von Energiewaffen wird nach hohen Entwicklungsaufwendungen mit mäßigem Erfolg, so etwa THEL, nicht mehr verfolgt. Another was the CRV7 and Black Brant rockets, which used the new solid rocket fuel. Post-war analyses show that the Patriot was much less effective than initially thought because of its radar and control system's inability to discriminate warheads from other objects when the Scud missiles broke up during reentry.
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