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(2020) 370:298–300. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1330. (2020). Solomon MD, McNulty EJ, Rana S, Leong TK, Lee C, Sung SH, et al. Mental Health: Household Pulse Survey. Across the world in 2019 there were 58,394,000 deaths, >4.87 million deaths/month and >159,983 deaths/day; COVID-19 deaths are shown relative to these underlying deaths in Table 4 and Supplementary Table 3 (127, 128). Available online at: https://www.who.int/news/item/13-10-2020-impact-of-covid-19-on-people's-livelihoods-their-health-and-our-food-systems (accessed October 31, 2020). Maybe we have learned that the “government can intervene decisively once the scale of an emergency is [or seems] clear and public support is present (page 4)” (266). Economics in the Time of COVID-19. Recent literature has summarized the major effect of individual income, social network index (i.e., integration in a social network), and adverse childhood experiences on life-span, early mortality, risk of chronic diseases (including heart disease, diabetes, kidney disease, stroke, cancer, lung disease, Alzheimer's, substance use, depression), and suicide rates (166–172). (2020). 275. Lancet Infect Dis. 214. Science. Wall Street J. Ioannidis JPA, Axford C, Contopoulos-Ioannidis DG. BMJ. 238. World mortality data 2019, with COVID-19 mortality to Sept 4 in 2020 for comparison (127, 128). J Gen Intern Med. doi: 10.1126/science.abc3517, 43. CMAJ. Referring to the 2009 influenza pandemic, Bonneux and Van Damme wrote that “the culture of fear” meant that “worst-case thinking replaced balanced risk assessment” on the part of influenza “experts” (page 539) (18). Restrepo D, Armstrong KA, Metlay JP. First, there will be the discovery of an effective and safe vaccine that does not cause antibody-dependent (or other immune) enhancement; this, even though the problem in severe COVID-19 may be the host response, especially in older people and children (71–73). Walker PGT, Whittaker C, Watson O, Baguelin M, Ainslie KEC, Bhatia S, et al. UpToDate. doi: 10.1126/science.abd1072, 94. The new exhibit by Edmonton City as Museum Project that explores the formation of Alberta's Black communities from the late 1800s to the early 1970s. (2020) 370:m2516. J Law Biosci. Excess deaths from COVID-19, community bereavement, and restorative justice for communities of color. In nursing homes the usual median survival is ~2.2 years, with a yearly mortality rate >30%, even without COVID-19 (46). 10. doi: 10.1111/eci.13423. Clin Infect Dis. doi: 10.1002/jmv.26368, 197. Stay on top of County news, events and programs through eNewsletters. 17. Most people have mild illness and are able to recover at home. Karim QA, Karim SSA. A caveat to quoting these open letters is that “petitions should not be used to prove that the positions of the signatories are scientifically correct (page 1),” as this would be based on the fallacies of “argument ad populum” and “invoking authority,” and have other drawbacks (222). (2020) Available online at: https://clubtroppo.com.au/2020/05/28/covid-strategies-for-australia-herd-immunity-options-or-quarantine-land/ (accessed October 11, 2020). Available online at:https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202010.0330/v2 (accessed January 4, 2021). doi: 10.1007/BF03324904, 75. doi: 10.1126/science.abe2803. They write that the current approach “carries significant risks to overall population health and threatens to increase inequalities… Aiming to prevent or contain every case of COVID-19 is simply no longer sustainable…” (213). If you enjoy working with numbers and are interested in business and finance, this career could be ideal for you. Veil of ignorance reasoning is a widely respected and transparent standard for adjudicating claims of fairness. Pediatrics. Losing life and livelihood: a systematic review and meta-analysis of unemployment and all-cause mortality. “A cost-benefit analysis of 5 extra days at COVID-19 alert level 4” for New Zealand found that the cost in QALY was 94.9X higher than the benefit (183). doi: 10.1136/bmj.c3065, 20. 239. The rise of COVID-19 cases is associated with support for world leaders. Excess deaths during the Covid-19 pandemic: an international comparison. 780.644.6000. Steps to help prevent the spread of COVID-19 if you are sick. The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Health resources are finite. We can calculate what the recession resulting fromlockdowns “cost” as follows: Figure 2. Center for Global Development (2020) Available online at: https://www.cgdev.org/blog/urgent-call-exit-plan-economic-and-social-consequences-responses-covid-19-pandemic (accessed October 11, 2020). 192. (2020) Available online at: https://wellbeingtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/WBT_Deaths-of-Despair_COVID-19-FINAL-FINAL.pdf (accessed October 11, 2020). (2020). 1 Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; 2 John Dossetor Health Ethics Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide pandemic in 2020. Nat Med. As a general rule, US$10K/year GDP buys an additional 10 years of life, so in a life of 75 years, US$10K/year X 75 years = US$750K buys 10 years in life expectancy = US$75K/QALY (144, 156–158). Successfully treating a disease that kills children and young adults is, other things being equal, likely to lead to a greater prolongation, and thus do more good, than successfully treating a disease that kills people in the 70's, 80's, and 90's” (50). 14% of Coronavirus Antibody Tests Positive in Sweden in July. The purpose of this report is to raise awareness of dementia as a public health priority, to articulate a public health approach and to advocate for action at international and national levels. 263. Bilinski A, Emanuel EJ. Available online at: https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/-/media/boe/files/monetary-policy-report/2020/may/monetary-policy-report-may-2020. Cirulli ET, Barrett KMS, Riffle S, Bolze A, Neveux I, Dabe S, et al. 160. Lancet Infect Dis. Ann Oncol. The devastating ripple effects of the Covid-19 crisis. Am J Econom. doi: 10.1017/nie.2020.30. Lancet Infect Dis. 48. Available online at: https://www.msf.org/women-and-girls-face-greater-dangers-during-covid-19-pandemic (accessed October 27, 2020). Modeling has also suggested that social distancing of those over 70 years of age would prevent more deaths than a fixed duration of social distancing of the entire population (228). Quantifying the risks and interventions that have affected the burden of respiratory infections among children younger than 5 years: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The education revolution must be equalized. Most people have mild illness and are able to recover at home. National Post. The economic recession, through austerity in government spending on the social determinants of health, can be expected to cause far more loss of life and wellbeing over the long-run than COVID-19 can. Available online at: https://www.cma.ca/sites/default/files/pdf/Media-Releases/Deloitte-Clearing-the-Backlog.pdf (accessed October 26, 2020). (2021) 371:288–92. J Med Virol. But Are the Benefits? Justice Center for Constitutional Freedoms. (2021) 93:1013–22. (2020) Available online at: https://clubtroppo.com.au/2020/03/21/the-corona-dilemma/ (accessed October 11, 2020). doi: 10.1126/science.369.6505.756. Herd immunity and implications for SARS-CoV-2 control. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m3223, 231. This is based on the few case reports of re-infection, the Brazilian city of Manaus where adjusted seroprevalence was up to 66% yet there is currently a resurgence of COVID-19 cases, and the claim that natural herd-immunity has never occurred. Vaccine induced herd immunity involves many assumptions. First, an objection is that natural herd immunity assumes the immunity is long lasting, and this may not be the case (223–226). 164. Collateral damage: the impact on outcomes from cancer surgery of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) initially caused Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China in December 2019, and has caused a worldwide pandemic in 2020. The proximity and vividness of COVID-19 cases (i.e., availability and picture superiority bias), and anchoring bias (we adhere to our initial hypothesis, and disregard evidence that disproves our favorite theory) affected our reasoning (21, 23). T5J 1L6. (2020). The contributors to this volume present theoretically informed empirical studies of the regulatory, institutional, discursive, and practical terms under which precarious-status non-citizens those without permanent residence enter and ... 22. Second, as Singer has pointed out, “what medical treatment does, if successful, is prolong lives. ClinInfect Dis. The Team Lead, Customer Service assists the Manager, Utilities Finance & Accounting, branch staff, and OH&S Supervisor in completing assigned tasks to meet the department's needs. PNAS. JAMA. First, pointing out the truly high-risk group is in older people is only emphasizing that this is the group that requires protection from severe COVID-19 outcomes. I was a strong proponent of lockdowns when the pandemic was first declared (1). (2020) 117:21201–8. Law Working Paper Series; Paper number 2020-008. Numbers without denominators and without context are deceiving. Hallal PC, Hartwig FP, Horta BL, Victora GD, Silveira MF, Struchiner C, et al. Global burden of respiratory infections associated with seasonal influenza in children under 5 years in 2018: a systematic review and modelling study. GBD 2017 Diet Collaborators. A similar cost-benefit analysis for Canada is shown in Supplementary Table 5, with the cost at least 10X higher for lockdowns than the benefit. The few studies reported to date do not well quantify the severity and duration of long-term symptoms such as fatigue, breathlessness, “foggy thinking,” etc., making it difficult to interpret the impact on cost-benefit analyses (196–200). 54. Compared to Denmark, with an economy heavily dependent on pharmaceuticals, Sweden's recession looks bad. Frijters P. The Corona Dilemma. Early estimates of the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and child mortality in low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study. Age-dependent effects in the transmission and control of COVID-19 epidemics. Available online at: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/covid19/pulse/mental-health.htm (accessed October 26, 2020). The resurgence of cases in Manaus was described as follows: “from the second week of August there has been a small increase in the number of cases which, at the time of writing, has begun to decline (page 3)” (241). Lockdowns may prevent some COVID-19 deaths by flattening the curve of cases and preventing stress on hospitals. 206. We would like to show you a description here but the site wonât allow us. Covid-19 daily deaths and ICU bed utilisation predictions in New York State. The moral determinants of health. info@norquest.ca
The long-term effects of COVID-19 illness need to be studied and clarified. Third is the objection that uncontrolled transmission in younger people would inevitably result in infections in high-risk groups with high mortality (223–226). Detection of antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein in both serum and saliva enhances detection of infection. doi: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.05.009, 100. Walker PGT, Whittaker C, Watson OJ, Baguelin M, Winskill P, Hamlet A, et al. Ogbodo JN, Onwe EC, Chukwu J, Nwasum CJ, Nwakpu ES, Nwankwo SU, et al. In high-income countries, the collateral damage has also been staggering (Table 3), affecting visits to emergency departments and primary care for acute (e.g., myocardial infarction, stroke) and “non-urgent” (“elective” surgery, and cancer diagnosis and treatment) conditions, intimate partner violence, deaths of despair, and mental health (12, 97–112). 217. (2020) 324:1495–6. (2020) 63:e58. arXiv.org. Fine P, Eames K, Heymann DL. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-01999-x. Prado-Vivar B, Becerra-Wong M, Guadalupe JJ, Marquez S, Butierrez B, Rojas-Silva P, et al. GBD 2017 Lower Respiratory Infections Collaborators. Considering this information, a cost-benefit analysis of the response to COVID-19 finds that lockdowns are far more harmful to public health (at least 5–10 times so in terms of wellbeing years) than COVID-19 can be. Furuya-Kanamori L, Cox M, Milinovich GJ, Magalhaes RJS, Mackay IM, Yakob L. Heterogeneous and dynamic prevalence of asymptomatic influenza virus infections. Snyder-Mackler N, Burger JR, Gaydosh L, Belsky DW, Noppert GA, Campos FA, et al. Ioannidis JPA. (2020) 324:1725–6. Popular media focused on absolute numbers of COVID-19 cases and deaths independent of context, with a “sheer one-sided focus (page 4)” on preventing infection (12). New Zealand Productivity Commission (2020). doi: 10.1177/1745691614568352, 175. Bank of England May Monetary Policy Report. bioRxiv [Preprint]. Pediatrics. 147. Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection among children and adolescents compared with adults. The effects of a recession on government spending is magnified when this spending was already insufficient to improve the social determinants of health. This number was even lower in Italy (144). Atkeson A, Kopecky K, Zha T. Four Stylized Facts About COVID-19. (2017) 196:1380–4. (2020) 383:e101. Available online at: https://www.afr.com/policy/economy/victoria-has-locked-itself-into-a-lockdown-blunder-20200916-p55w1z (accessed October 16, 2020). doi: 10.1101/2020.04.27.20081893, 56. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.200791, 102. Petterson S, Westfall JM, Miller BF. doi: 10.7326/M20-2071. JAMA. Identifiable lives bias included the identifiable victim effect (we ignore hidden “statistical” deaths reported at the population level), and identifiable cause effect (we prioritize efforts to save lives from a known cause even if more lives would be saved through alternative responses). (2020) 370:m3379. arXiv. Nature. Are you looking for short-term opportunities and have the flexibility to work on short notice? (2020) Available online at: https://www.nber.org/papers/w27719.pdf (accessed October 15, 2020). (2021) 175:143–56. (2020) 369:366–8. The evidence for policy impact on total human welfare should be based on a wide range of expertise, including economists, and not only health experts. (2020) 1:e200832. 105. Infection fatality rate of COVID-19 inferred from seroprevalence data. (2020) 192:E609–10. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m2743. © 2021 NorQuest College. (2020) 371:m4048. Each paper is composed from scratch to meet your assignment instructions. Women and Girls Face Greater Dangers During COVID-19 Pandemic. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m4048, 223. The Health Care Aide Workplace Education option is offered throughout Alberta in partnership with health-care employers. COVID-19 policing has involved “racial profiling and violence, crippling punishments for those living in poverty, and criminalization of mental health (page E1219)” (120). (2020) 31:P1065–74. Sethi R, Siddarth D, Holland A, Archibong B, Annan F, Somanathan R, et al. BMJ. Facial masking for covid-19 - potential for “variolation” as we await a vaccine. doi: 10.1101/2020.05.20.20108126, 257. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m3364, 35. (2020) 253:R60–76. This is compatible with a steep inflection point in the IFR around the age of 70 years old. (2020). Bonneux L, Van Damme W. Health is more than influenza. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) re-infection by a phylogenetically distinct severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 strain confirmed by whole genome sequencing. (2020). Int J Forecast. Early monitoring in Europe shows that despite increasing COVID-19 cases, excess mortality has only shown a slight increase, suggesting protection of the most vulnerable may be feasible (227). Joe Chowaniec started the Facebook page Abandoned Alberta in January 2017, which today has more than 26,000 members. Alberta is in Joe Chowaniec's blood, and you might say Abandoned Alberta is his love letter to the province. Convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent individuals. The personal information requested on this form is collected under the authority of section 33(c) of Albertaâs Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act and will be used to process your request for information, for internal statistical and enrolment management purposes and to provide ongoing information regarding our courses, programs or events. 178. Arnold DT, Hamilton FW, Milne A, Morley A, Viner J, Attwood M, et al. Available online at: https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/the-duel-is-it-more-important-to-save-younger-lives-peter-singer-debate-coronavirus-medicine-ethics-philosophy (accessed October 11, 2020). Kromm S, Bourassa L, Saxinger L, for the COVID-19 Scientific Advisory Group Rapid Evidence Report. Nature. Found inside â Page 196Long - term care aide program VANCOUVER Community College , Langara Campus , 100 West 49th Ave. , V5Y 226 ; Darlene Farrell , Chm . Nursing Dept. ( GR 12 : Jan / May / Sept ) fees : reg , tuition , books , uniforms , transportation ... 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Available online at: https://www.wfp.org/news/world-food-programme-assist-largest-number-hungry-people-ever-coronavirus-devastates-poor#:~:text=To%20tackle%20the%20rising%20tide,record%2097%20million%20in%202019 (accessed October 27, 2020). Science. Club Troppo. Rhee C, Baker M, Vaidya V, Tucker R, Resnick A, Morris CA, et al. Coronavirus: WHO Estimates 10% of Global Population Infected With COVID-19. Discusses the history and techniques of swimming and diving, safety rescue techniques, and skills for a variety of aquatic activities. 117. International Monetary Fund. (2019) Available online at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329438/9789241516839-eng.pdf?ua=1 (accessed October 11, 2020). (2020) 117:21854–6. 188. Bzdok D, Dunbar RIM. Meredith JW, High KP, Freischlag JA. 132. Second, the immune response will be durable, not last for only months, and have little immunosenescence (reduced response to vaccine with rapid decline of antibody levels) in older people (72, 74). The Administrative Assistant II is responsible for assisting the Director, Facility Services by providing senior level administrative support and office management. If the public system is forced to spend less money on our children's future, there are statistical lives lost (people will die in the years to come). Masks and physical distancing are mandatory province-wide in all indoor public spaces, workplaces and public vehicles. Available online at: https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet (accessed October 11, 2020). The WHO has estimated that if all people would adopt a vegan diet this would avert 13.7 M (95% CI 7.9, 19.4) deaths by 2030 (84). If you think you may have been exposed to COVID-19, contact your healthcare provider. Get 24â7 customer support help when you place a homework help service order with us. To KKW, Hung IFN, Ip JD, Chu AWH, Chan WM, Tam AR, et al. COVID-19 Scientific Advisory Group Rapid Evidence Report. Available online at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports (accessed October 11, 2020). The groupthink (the tendency for groups to let the desire for harmony and conformity prevail, resulting in dysfunctional decision-making processes and becoming less willing to alter their course of action once they settle on it) needs to be replaced by deliberative consideration of all the relevant information (24). doi: 10.1056/NEJMms2009984, 98. Available online at: https://www.albertahealthservices.ca/assets/info/ppih/if-ppih-covid-19-sag-reinfection-rapid-review.pdf (accessed January 5, 2021). Available online at: https://ethics.harvard.edu/files/center-for-ethics/files/roadmaptopandemicresilience_updated_4.20.20_1.pdf (accessed October 11, 2020). Written by skilled specialists in the field of interventional pulmonology, the new Second Edition thoroughly explores the latest advancements, newest therapies, and diagnostic techniques in interventional pulmonary medicine. (2021) 27:113–21. For information about the collection and use of this information, contact the Regulatory & Compliance Coordinator at 10215 108 Street NW, Edmonton, AB, T5J 1L6, Tel. Despite some limitations, cost and benefit should be measured in terms of human welfare in the form of length, quality, and wellbeing of lives, and “to make no assessment is just to make policy in a vacuum (page 9)” (147). Social media spread a growing sense of panic (13). Bartik AW, Bertrand M, Cullen Z, Glaeser EL, Luca M, Stanton C. The impact of COVID-19 on small business outcomes and expectations. These were direct commands to halt work, restrict travel, restrict the number of people inside dwellings, close factory floors, stay at home, etc. (2020). 23. In Brazil's Amazon a COVID-19 Resurgence Dashes Herd Immunity Hopes. J Infect. 119. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a review of viral, host, and environmental factors. Evaluating the Initial Impact of COVID-19 Containment Measures on Economic Activity. 85. NEJM. Those co-morbidities with HR>2, including hematological malignancy, severe chronic kidney disease, and organ transplant, affected only 0.3, 0.5, and 0.4% of the total population (48). doi: 10.1101/2020.10.19.20214494, 204. Front Psychol. Another survey in US adults found the prevalence of depression symptoms was more than 3-fold higher during COVID-19 than before, and worse for those with lower social and economic resources (206). Current antibody tests fail to identify people who had mild infections. Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, et al. The aggregate fiscal stimuli aimed at alleviating the consequences of the COVID-19 crisis for 149 countries amount to US$12.2 trillion (267). doi: 10.7326/M20-5008, 58. 67. These open letters are used only to show that many have expressed views similar to those expressed here, and this might open the door to serious consideration of the empirical evidence and arguments presented above. (2020) 99:19–33F. Worldometer. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6930e1, 200. Framing COVID-19: how we conceptualize and discuss the pandemic on Twitter. 267. Epidemiology. medRxiv [Preprint]. Public Health 9:625778. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.625778. 165. In their discussion they wrote that “we do not consider the ethical or economic implications (page 4)… The social and economic effects of the measures which are needed to achieve this policy goal will be profound (page 16)…” (5). Canadian's Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Forecasting failure led to frail older patients being discharged to nursing homes (where there was high mortality), and largely empty wards (unnecessarily affecting hospital utilization for other serious conditions); in Canada “overall ICU occupancy rates did not exceed 65% (page 12)” (45, 219). The cost is likely at least 3X higher, as recovery from unemployment will occur over several years, we do not consider the effect on wellbeing to the families of the unemployed, and we do not consider the effect on deaths of despair in young people or on loss of health insurance. Some effects of the COVID-19 response that put sustainable development goals out of reach (78–93). (2020) 117:17656–66. I close with some suggestions for moving forward. Schippers MC. Part 2: Effective COVID-19 Crisis Communication. A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. There was an unexplained 83% increase of 10,000 excess deaths from dementia in England/Wales in April, and an increase in non-COVID-19 Alzheimer disease/dementia deaths in the US, attributed to lack of social contact causing a deterioration in health and wellbeing of these patients (115, 116). Long-term COVID-19 symptoms in a large unselected population. (2009) 21:201–9. NBER Working Paper 27224. This posting is for up to two (2) casual positions The Guard monitors and ensures the safety of adult and juvenile prisoners during their incarceration at the Strathcona County RCMP Detachment and ... Do you have knowledge and experience with office administration? Herd Immunity and the Great Barrington Declaration. Notably, if immunity is not long-lasting this will be a problem for possible vaccine induced herd immunity as well, as the world population will need vaccines to be produced and delivered everywhere at least each year. COVID Economics, Vol. (2020). (A) The Trolley Dilemma using numbers compatible with the Corona Dilemma. 124. BMJ. Annals clinical decision making: avoiding cognitive errors in clinical decision making. For example, there are an estimated 4,110 deaths/day from Tuberculosis (133), 3,699 deaths/day from motor vehicle collisions (131), 21,918 deaths/day due to use of tobacco (132), >3,400 deaths/day from Under 5 cases of pneumonia or diarrhea (137, 138), and 30,137 deaths per day from dietary risk factors (139). (2020) Available online at: https://nationalpost.com/opinion/john-ioannidis-another-shutdown-would-do-more-harm-than-good (accessed October 11, 2020). After all, lockdowns are a public health response undertaken with the goal of improving population health outcomes from the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic and the incidence of acute myocardial infarction. Nature. A similar analysis in the UK found that, during 16 weeks of the pandemic, the risk of death was “equivalent to experiencing around 5 weeks extra ‘normal’ risk for those over [age] 55, decreasing steadily with age, to just 2 extra days for schoolchildren… [and in those] over 55 who are [detected as] infected with COVID-19, the additional risk of dying is slightly more than the “normal” risk of death from all other causes over one year (page 6)” (126). (2020). It is estimated that in 2020–2021 the world economy will shrink by at least US$8-9 trillion (about 6% of GDP), and this will take many years to recover (Figure 2) (144, 156, 157, 162, 163). We also understand you have a number of subjects to learn and this might make it ⦠Early childhood investments substantially boost adult health. for the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics at Harvard University.
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