have written, he/she/it has written, we have written, you have These are only included if the tense or mood in question is represented in at least some form in theNew Testament. I have givenevery form that actually occurs in the New Testament below.“holy” Plain Comparative Friberg Acts 18:26+ Superlative Friberg Jude 1:20“exact, strict” Adjective Forms code Forms code Acts 26:5“valuable” ABM A-SDF-S Rev. All other diphthongs are always long, and I will not mark lengthon these. I have included some modern Greek pronunciation on the website. λαίλαπ- + -ς → λαῖλαψ “windstorm”, Ἄραβ- + -ς → Ἄραψ(S) “Arab”, ἐ- + λαμπ- + -σεν → ἔλαμψεν “it shone”, διά- + ἐ- + τριβ- + -σαν → διέτριψαν “they continued”, ἐ- + γραφ- + -σεν → ἔγραψεν “he wrote”. what its form would be Septuagint, at least in some form of this Principal Part for this stem ending. (If it really is justa question of spelling, with completely regular pronunciation, this will be marked in pink.) In fact, it is possible that many nouns ending in -ίαand -ίας have inherently antepenultimate stress, but because most of them only occur in the singular (being mostlynames), the long endings prevent this from surfacing in any of the forms. This means ο and ω will be pronounced the same, but then, they were in New Testament times anyway! 15 The process that changed all of these vowels and (written) diphthongs so that they came to be pronounced the same as ι in Modern Greek is called iotacism. ** ἐδιδάχθηº “open” ἀνοίγειν ἐλέγχω ἐλέγξει ?? For this purpose I assume that the genitive form showsthe unchanged form of the stem, not the nominative. Thus in the 1Fa declension the accent can fall on any one the last three syllables, in the 1Fd declension itcan fall on either of the last two syllables, and in the 1Fe declension it can only fall on the penultimate or antepe-nultimate. Many feminineadjectives would fall into this category, and Machen implies on page 34 that feminine adjectivesNew Testament Greek Charts for Global Learners 18 R. Aschmann — August 12, 20142.1.1.1.1.First Declension Feminine 1Fa (-η/ης/ῶν) (-η/ης/ων) 1Fb (-α/ης/ῶν) 1Fc (-α/ας/ῶν) 1Fd (-α/ας/ῶν) 1Fe² 1Fe (-α/ας/ων)1Fa¹ 1Fa² 1Fa³ 1Fb² 1Fb³ 1Fc² 1Fc³ 1Fd¹ 1Fd² 1Fe³(-C) (-C) (-C) (-Vι)555, 568, 575, 56; 575, 56; (ρ,σ, (-λλ,ρ,σ, (-Vι) (-Vι) (-ε,ι,ρ) (-ε,ι,ρ) 555, 48; (-ι,τ,ρ)574, 56; B(a) B(a) ζ,ξ,ψ) ζ,ξ,ψ) 53; 555, 53; 569, 48; 555, 48; B(b)B(a) 555, 573, 577, 576, 54; B(b) B(b) B(b) B(b) 570, 62 578, 54; II.3 II.3“soul” “covenant” “having “tongue” “sword” “wide “weakness” “small” “hour” “prophecy” “righteous” become” (street)”Sg. πιστεύσουσιν) - 16313. imperfect indicative active, third person plural (e.g. For de-tails, refer back to the charts above. and I am not certain **(S) Form does not occur in the New Testament for any verb with this stem ending, but does in Examples only available for deponent verbs (Only has middle or passive forms, even if the meaning is active.) “double” διπλοῦν, “good” σάββασιν διπλοῦ*μικρός, λόγου Αἴγυπτος, σιδηροῦς, “double”μικροῦ “word” Αἰγύπτῳ πονηρόν, (like 3rd σιδηροῦ*“small” (M) πονηροῦ decl.) Standard Second Declensions 2MFa (-ος/ου) 2Na (-ον/ου) 2MFx (-ῶς/ῶ) 2My (-οῦς/οῦ) 2Ny (-οῦν/οῦ)2MFa¹ 2MFa² 2MFa³ 2Na¹ 2Na² 2Na³ 2MFx¹ 2My¹ 2Ny¹557, 39; C(b) 557, 31; 557, 41; 557, 41; 557, 41; C(d) III.3, VI.3, III.3,C(a) C(a) C(c) C(c) C(c) VII.5(b) VII.5(b) “bath”“son” “slave” “person” (N) “gift” “flock” “Apollos” “golden”49 “golden”(M) (M) (M) (N) (N) (M) (M) (N)Sg. One of the oddest changes from Classical Greek to Κοινή is that ε and η have swapped places in terms ofphonetic height, as can be seen in the charts. In English, readers rely on the order in which words appear in a sentence to indicate the grammatical function of each word. VowelLength Comparison for Verb Stems Ending in a Simple Vowel on page 43. πιστεύειν is probably the best example of a completely regular verb, since it has no prefix and starts with a consonant, so that the “augmented” forms arecompletely straightforward. This website uses cookies to deliver its services, to personalize ads and to analyze traffic. 3 kɑi epoɾ u- uː. *** Anywhere in this text where these three asterisks occur, it means that I still have more work to do, and that something is incomplete!New Testament Greek Charts for Global Learners 2 R. Aschmann — August 12, 20141. To state the chart in prose form: 1) Accents can only fall on one of the last three syllables. I have not included Classical Greek since it onlydiffers from the Pre-Classical in the pronunciation of ει, ου, and υ.31 The Traditional Hybrid pronunciation (withει pronounced as iː according to my preference) is included for comparison. All other stems undergoat least some changes to the stem. μαθηταῖς προφήταις δέσποτα νεανία* Σατανᾶ Ἰούδα Acc. Paradigm structure and Greek …. ἀληθέσιν* ἀληθέσιν* βαθέσιν* βαθέσιν* ημίσεις(S) ἡμίσεσιν* Acc. The purpose of this site is to provide our customers worldwide the complete conjugations of around 1,000 modern Greek verbs for free. I will), that came about after centuries of use. Thus the very first declension below has the code 1Fa(-η/ης/ῶν) at the top of the column. This rule is generally true for “regular” verbs. 2:16 and Heb. Each tense gives us details about a verb's action. A large number of third declension neuter nouns have the endings -μα, -ματος. The examples given for λ, θέλω, βούλεσθαι, and ὀφείλειν are not really regular at all, since the aorist, future, and perfect stems have an inserted vowel, as in ἠθέλησεν. Gen. τῶν τῶν τῶν word, the nominative form ὁ πατήρ is used instead (Matt. Found inside – Page 115If the victory is won here , all is easy a syntax compiled expressly for the book P Have not all Greek afterwards . ... pictures , anecdotes , imports , a fuller and more systematic exposition of “ declension " and occasional touches of ... Some prepositions can govern more than one case, and in these cases there is usu-ally a difference in meaning.Preposition Genitive Dative Accusative Comb. An example of the first one, to show that it is different fromἀπολελύσθαι, is found at http://heml.mta.ca/lace/sidebysideview2/1900048. The principle idea of this book is to reduce a typical three hundred page language textbook to approximately one hundred pages. Nom. 31 R. Aschmann — August 12, 2014New Testament Greek Charts for Global Learners2.1.3.3.Regular Superlative Adjectives The superlative of “regular” adjectives, corresponding to the Regular Comparative Adjectives in -τερος,end in -τατος. The difference can only be seen in the vocative singular and the nominative plural. 2.1.1.2.1.Standard Second Declensions The last three columns in the chart are examples of contracted second declension nouns and adjectives. 23:234MFg² 4MFg² 4Ng² “well-born” εὐγενής εὐγενέστεροι ABM Luke 24:284Mh² 1Fc² 4Nh² “heavy” βαρύς(S) βαρύτερα AB “at a distance” πόρρω πορρώτερον 2.1.3.2.Irregular Comparative Adjectives A very small number do not follow this pattern and must be considered irregular. TheModern Greek pronunciation (and sometimes the spelling) demonstrates this for Δαβίδ [ðɑv ð] and Λευί [lev ], though υἱός has now become γἱός , suggesting that itcould go either way. (This guide will work for both North American and BritishEnglish, in spite of their different vowel systems. ** σκληρύσθαι?? Fem. Three forms of each participle are given, the nominative singular, the genitive singular and the dative plu-ral, since many of them are third declension adjectives. 33 This is the pronunciation when this letter is by itself. Also, ᾳ is always long, and since the iota subscript ( ͺ ) makes this quite clear, no additional lengthmarking will be added. Dickinson College CommentariesDepartment of Classical StudiesDickinson CollegeCarlisle, PA 17013 USAdickinsoncommentaries@gmail.com(717) 245-1493, 1st and 2nd Declension Adjectives: ā- & o- stems, https://dcc.dickinson.edu/grammar/latin/1st-and-2nd-declension-adjectives-%C4%81-o-stems, 1st and 2nd Declension Adjectives: Stems ending in -ro, 1st Declension: Stem, Paradigm, and Gender, 2nd Declension: Stem, Paradigm, and Gender. masc. In this declension the standard form of the stem is found not in the nominative but in the genitive,which always has the ending -ος. 2:6 ἐλάσσω APMAM-S Rom. χρῖσαι** Luke 9:45 Acts 20:7 Mt. But in Greek the dis-tinction is very important, and there are even a few minimal pairs, such as the following:ἔβαλλον “they were throwing” (3rd person plural Imperfect Indicative)ἔβαλον “they threw” (3rd person plural Aorist Indicative)βάλλω “I throw” (1st person singular Present Indicative)βάλω “(so that) I throw” (1st person singular Aorist Subjunctive) Modern Italian has this same system, which is why the mm in mamma mia is so drawn out. The way the contraction takes place is not very intuitive (althoughthey make more sense if we look at the actual pronunciation of the vowels in Classical Greek; most of these con-tractions apparently took place between Pre-Classical and Classical, at the same time that the diphthongs ει and ουbecame simple long vowels). 34 This letter is written ς at the end of a word, σ elsewhere. 13:32 Mat. πιστεύσει) - 16016. imperfect indicative active, third person singular (e.g. Even proper names are preceded by articles: ο Γιώργος (George); η Μαρία (Mary); το Λονδίνο (London). ἐγώ⁺⁺ σύ⁺⁺ αὐτός⁺⁺ αὐτή⁺⁺ αὐτό⁺⁺ Gen. ἐμοῦ⁺ (μου) σοῦ⁺ (σου) αὐτοῦ αὐτῆς αὐτοῦ Dat. Adjectives of the 1st and 2nd Declensions (ā- and o- stems) are declined in the masculine like servus, puer, or ager; in the feminine like stella; and in the neuter like bellum. πόδα παντός λαμπάδος(S) μάρτυρα ὠτός(S) παντός ῥηθέντος* ὕδατος ὀνόματος Voc. It also means that a word like μάχαιρα, μαχαίρης “sword” occurswith the accent on three different syllables, since the dative plural is μαχαιρῶν. Declension “new” Plain Comparative Friberg Acts 17:21 M FN “miserable” Adjective Forms code 1 Co. 15:192MFa¹ 1Fa¹ 2Na¹ “high” A-MAN-S He. However, the accent can and often does move off of this syllable, both to the left and to the right. Review: Conjugation of sum, esse in present, imperfect, future; it is . The Greek Alphabet and Pronunciation Whereas the English alphabet consists of twenty-six letters, the Greek alphabet has only twenty-four characters. (Because of this, the uncontractedform of the first person present is traditionally cited; however, these uncontracted forms never occur, at least notin Κοινή!) This work was edited by F.H.A . This edition includes: Grammatical tables * Verb tables * Greek-English vocabulary "I have learned lots from this book myself - it is extremely detailed and Professor Betts is extremely knowledgeable about this particular form of Greek. κατα- + λε- + λειπ- + -μένος → καταλελειμμένος “having been left behind” Acts 25:14, τε- + θλιβ- + -μένη → τεθλιμμένη “having been constricted” Mat. Those ending in υ were not reduced.24 The diphthongs ηυ and ωϋ are extremely rare, the former occurringonly on Aorist and Imperfect Indicative verb forms of verbs beginning with αυ or ευ, and the latter occurring inthe various forms of only one word in the New Testament, Μωϋσῆς, which was a Hebrew borrowing during theΚοινή period. 18:11 John 13:27 John 20:4 He. ALL NOUN DECLENSIONS. You can publish your book online for free in a few minutes! Most of these glosses are taken from Machen’s text. “Zechariah” “Barnabas” ὑποκριτά καρδιογνῶστα Ἀνδρέας, Κηφᾶς, Ἰωάννης “John” Ἀνδρέου Κηφᾶ (Apparently has “Andrew” “Cephas” irregular Voc.Sg. For more information, see section 1.1.2.4 on page 8. πσ). This page is the Gateway to an online Grammar. A dieresis is never written on ηυ, since in Modern Greek the second part became [v], not [i]!) However, this word does not occur in the most reliable texts declined in this way, usually being replaced by Ἰωσήφ “Joseph”, an indeclina- ble noun. 571, 459, 461 571, 459, 461 “more” “more”Sg. They also apply when the nominative singular ending -ς or the dative plural ending -σιν are added: a) Heterorganic stops (i.e. Tenses that form with one word require memorisation (so does As is the case for the article, the personal pronouns do not have a vocative form. πιστεύων) - 2627. aorist participle active nom. 1Fa) is repeated for each column, followed by a superscript number ¹, ², or³ indicating which syllable has the inherent accent. 23 In the different Unicode Greek fonts available on the Internet, these are always spelled ᾳ, ῃ, ῳ when lowercase, but when uppercase some fonts show them as ᾼ, ῌ,ῼ, including the main windows fonts such as Times New Roman and Arial, whereas many others show them as ᾼ, ῌ, ῼ (e.g. New Testament Greek Charts for Global Learners 4 R. Aschmann — August 12, 2014 Classical Greek Pronunciation System (5th Century BC)10 Vowels Diphthongs 6 Consonants. Posted: (21 hours ago) MODERN GREEK PRONUNCIATION 1. ***)translation of the Septuagint at studybible.info/interlinear/, which follows the English versification rather than that of the Septuagint; unfortunately, it does not mark therough and smooth breathings. Only one accent can occur within a given word (with enclitics being exceptions to this rule in severalways), and they can only occur on one of the last three syllables of a word. k jos f ɑp t s ɣɑlil ɑsδὲ καὶ Ἰωσὴφ ἀπὸ τῆς Γα- ɑp tɛːs ɡɑlilɑiɑːs ek p leɔːs lɑiɑs ɛk pɔlɛoːs nɑzɑɾɛθ ːs 4 ɑnɛbe dɛ kɛ jos pʰ ɑp ek p leos nɑzɑɾ θ s t nλιλαίας ἐκ πόλεως Ναζα- nɑdzɑɾ tʰ is tɛːn joudɑiɑːn t ːn juːdɑiɑn ːs pɔlin dɑu d t s ɡɑlilɛɑs ɛk p lɛos nɑ- juð ɑn s p lin ðɑv ð tisρὲθ εἰς τὴν Ἰουδαίαν εἰς is p lin dɑu d hɛːtis kɑl i- h ːtis kɑl ːtɑi beːθlɛɛm, diɑ zɑɾɛtʰ s t n judɛɑn s p - kɑl te viθl em, ðiɑ t neπόλιν Δαυὶδ ἥτις καλεῖται tɑi bɛːtʰl em, diɑ t inɑi tɔ ːnɑi ɑutɔn ɛks ɔikuː kɑi lin dɑu d h tis kɑl tɛ betʰ- ɑft n eks ku k pɑtɾiɑsΒηθλέεμ, διὰ τὸ εἶναι ɑut n eks ikou kɑi pɑtɾiɑːs pɑtɾiɑːs dɑu d, 5 ɑpɔɡɾɑ- lɛɛm, diɑ t nɛ ɑut n ɛks ðɑv ð, 5 ɑpoɣɾɑpsɑsθeαὐτὸν ἐξ οἴκου καὶ πατρι- dɑu d, 5 ɑpoɡɾɑpsɑstʰɑi s n psɑsθɑi s n mɑɾiɑm t ː ku kɛ pɑtɾiɑs dɑu d, s n mɑɾiɑm t emnistev-ᾶς Δαυίδ, 5 ἀπογράψασθαι mɑɾiɑm tɛːi emnɛːsteum - ɛmneːstɛumɛneː ɑut ː, ːseː 5 ɑpoɡɾɑpsɑstʰɛ s n mɑɾi- m ni ɑft , si eŋɡ o.σὺν Μαριὰμ τῇ ἐμνηστευ- nɛːi ɑutɔːi, u ɛːi eŋk ɔːi. A phonetician who is comfortable with the pro-nunciation of German, with its long and short vowels and the “ü” vowel (IPA [y]) will be able to handle thevowel system quite well, except for some of the diphthongs. The Septuagint has many similar examples, e.g. The shortness of the ι can be clearly seen in every case, from the nominative plural form ἁμαρτίαι: the -αιand -οι plural endings are always short, throughout the noun system, and if this is the case, then the -ι must alsobe short in this word because of the accent used). 1.1.3.General Assimilation and Contraction Rules In many words, especially verbs and nouns, when two morphemes come together, there is frequently as-similation or contraction. There's even a tense that forms with two particles, and you still don't ** “reprove” ἀπάγχειν*, (διακατελέγχεσθαι*) velar γ συλλέγειν* βρέχω* βρέξει* συνέλεξενº συλλέξαι* βέβρεχεν** συλλέλεκται**(S) συλλέλεγμαι** συλλελεγμένος συλλελέχθαι**(S) συνελέχθη* “make wet” δέχεσθαι(S), (ἄρχειν), (βρύχειν*), [ἔχειν], [τρέχειν*] γ διανοίγειν διήνοιξεν διανοῖξαι διανέῳκται** διανέῳγμαι** διανεῳγμένος διηνεῳχθαι** διηνοίχθη γχ ἐλέγχειν ἤλεγξενº ἐλέγξαι ?? 2.1. The second declension. 11:26, Mark 15:34, Acts 13:41, Eph. It can have other sounds when combined, as shown later in the chart. Links to resources for finding sight reading passages of moderate difficulty, most with glosses. ***) Contracted First Declension Feminine Forms 1Fw¹ (-ῆ/ῆς/ῆν) 1Fx¹ (-ῆ/ῆς/ᾶν) 1Fy¹ (-ῆ/ῆς/ᾶν) 1Fz¹ (-ᾶ/ᾶς/ᾶν) 1Fw¹ 1Fx¹ 1Fy¹ 1Fz¹ (Contr. 11:20“many” μέγας μείζων μέγιστα Mat. Machen and Moulton both imply that other third declension comparatives are declined inthe same way, but the first three adjectives above are the only ones which show contracted forms in the N.T. However, it has one drawback, and that is that the final syllable of the stem hasa long diphthong, which makes it impossible to see the length changes which occur in a short vowel. εὐθεῖς(S) Acc.Pl. 67 This is the form that has traditionally been given as the citation form of Greek verbs. Length can frequently be determined from poetry in Classical Greek, in which the meter often depends onvowel length (I obtained most of this from Liddell and Scott). (See section 2.4.2.1on page 44.). This is a good system, since all of the forms of each noun can usually be derived from these two formsalone, except for the most irregular. πιστεύσουσα** 0 πιστευσομένη** 0 πιστευθησομένη** 0 πιστευσούσης** 0 πιστευσομένης** 0 πιστευθησομένης** 0 πιστευσούσαις** 0 πιστευσομέναις** 0 πιστευθησομέναις** 0 (other)** 0 (other)** 0 (other)** 0Neut. As in previous declensions, in this declension it is possible to determine which syllable has the inherent ac-cent. ἡμέτερος(S)⁺⁺ὑμέτερος⁺⁺ The above are a means of expressing possession if the speaker wants to be emphatic. Though this looks like a Frankenstein-monster tense from hell Found inside – Page 221Handbook of the Modern Greek Vernacular : Grammar , Texts , Glossary . ... A Handbook to Modern Greek . ... and Lexicographical Illustrations of the Meanings , a Complete Series of Paradigms , with Grammatical Remarks and Explanations . (I already looked up nearly all of the missing examples in the Septuagint to see if they are there, but needto look up the rest! 1SPIπίπτειν* πίπτω* “fall” 90 διδόναι δίδωμι “give” 415μιμνήσκεσθαι* μιμνῄσκομαι* “remember” 23 παραδιδόναι παραδίδωμι* “deliver up” 119πιπράσκειν* πιπράσκω* “sell” 9 ἀποδιδόναι ἀποδίδωμι “pay” 48βιβρώσκειν* βιβρώσκω* “eat” 1 ἐπιδιδόναι* ἐπιδίδωμι* “give” 9 ἀνταποδιδόναι* ἀνταποδίδωμι* “give back” 7 -μι Verbs ἱστάναι* ἵστημι*78 “set” 154Pres. present form of the verb. ἀστράσιν* “star” (M) “Greek” (M)Sg., no plural ἄφρον*, ἄφρονος*,(Vowel σωτήρ, σωτῆρος, ἄφρων, ἄφρονος(S), ἄφροσιν(S) ἄφροσιν* “foolish”changes) σωτῆρσιν* “savior” (M) “foolish” αἰών(S), αἰῶνος, αἰῶσιν “age” (M)C>ξ σάρξ, σαρκός, σαρξίν(S) “flesh” (F) C>ξ: σάλπιγξ, σάλπιγγος,in Nom. (In Modern Greek these two words wouldboth have ended up with the pronunciation iˈmis], and to avoid this they have changed to εμείς eˈmi and εσείς eˈ i , neither of which is like its original form.) no plural“supplication” “high priest”(F) πλοῦς*,βρῶσις, τεῖχος, ὀσφύος, βότρυας πλοός πλουσίν*βρώσεως, τείχους, ὀσφύσιν** “voyage”“food, eating, τείχεσιν(S) “loin(s)”rust” (F),no plural wall”ἀγαλλίασις, βάθος,ἀγαλλιάσεως, βάθους,“exultation” βάθεσιν*(F), “depth”no pluralὄφις, ὄφεως,ὄφεσιν“snake” (M)Exception: ὄρος, ὄρους “mountain”, Gen. Pl. υἱοί δοῦλοι ἄνθρωποι λουτρά* δῶρα ποίμνια(S) χρυσοῖ(S) Gen. υἱῶν δούλων ἀνθρώπων λουτρῶν* δώρων(S) ποιμνίων(S) χρυσῶν(S) χρυσᾶ Dat. ?3S VIR[!A]? declension feminine nouns. Obviously, the only oneswhich could have a vocative form are the second person pronouns, and in fact in the English translation of anumber of passages uses the second person pronoun in a clearly vocative sense, as in Matt. χρυσαῖς* σιδηραῖς(S) μναῖς*Acc. This sound was lost in most dialects by Classical times, eliminating the need for the letter. 15:11, etc.New Testament Greek Charts for Global Learners 33 R. Aschmann — August 12, 20142.2. You know many others, since quite a few have come into English without any change in spelling.
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